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Welcome to Cheap kamagra pills uk the first recreational viagra reddit issue of 2022!. We have several exciting changes to announce in the new year. To begin with, we have been increasing our number of published submissions per issue, including some of our content exclusively recreational viagra reddit online (the most common way that our readers access the journal). In addition, we have put out additional calls for submissions and look forward to receiving new work.We have spent the last 4âyears working towards social justice, accessibility, global â¦IntroductionThe subject of care is gaining importance within the medical humanities, but it also remains elusive.
Hence, this paper aims to unpack theoretical notions of care in a way that integrates the elusiveness rather than trying to avoid it. It also responds to a recent article recreational viagra reddit by Julia Kristeva et al, in which they claim that care holds humanity (Kristeva et al. 2018).When in need of theoretical elaboration or re-development, medical humanities scholars have sometimes evoked Greek or Roman myths, such as those of Narcissus, Hephaestus or Leto (Cilione, Marinozzi, and Gazzaniga 2019. Pannese 2011.
Schott 2017) recreational viagra reddit. Similarly, this article evokes the Roman myth of Cura to unpack theoretical understandings of care. In this myth, known from the writings of the first century mythographer Hyginus, humanity is created from clay by a personification of care. It has proven useful to thinkers as diverse as Martin Heidegger, Arthur Kleinman (Kleinman recreational viagra reddit and van der Geest 2009) and Julia Kristeva (Kristeva (2012), Kristeva et al.
2018). While utilisation by Heidegger 1927, 196â200 âchallenges the myth of self-sufficiency and individual atomization that that has shaped much of modern Western philosophyâ (Froese 2005, 16), both recreational viagra reddit Kleinman and Kristeva explore the tension between universalised knowledge and the singularity of individual patients and intimate care (Engebretsen, Fraas Henrichsen, and Ãdemark 2020).While none of these scholars engage with Hyginusâ Fabulae directly, I use the text as an âengineâ in a four-step endeavour. This endeavour follows Brandy Schillaceâs description of the medical humanities as âa field that at its core considers the human story behind and within medicine, its history, its cultural valence and its influence on practiceâ Schillace (2017, 139).First, a âhuman storyâ entails agency, the things that humans do in their lives. While the âappealâ from Kristeva et al uses a case from intercultural psychoanalysis, the authors have previously researched a variety of professional healthcare practices (Engebretsen 2016.
Engebretsen, Sandset, and recreational viagra reddit Ãdemark 2017. Hetrick et al. 2017). However, it is crucial to note recreational viagra reddit that Cura (in Hyginusâ text) will âholdâ humanity quamdiu vixerit (for as long as he shall live).
Such a life-long temporality does not dovetail with the temporary, regulated and systematised relations of healthcare organisations. Hyginusâ text has, I argue, a much stronger affinity to the temporality of parental care. Hence, I begin the endeavour by acknowledging that I am a scholar, and the father of a boy with little linguistic function.1 Although my parental care for my son entails a multitude of meanings recreational viagra reddit and instances, I begin with two tales from my parental care in 2020:Sometimes, if he does not understand what is going on, or if his actions feel unintelligible to others who are present, I take him in my arms. In that way, we are at least together in a situation when both of us otherwise would have been on our own.
Suddenly, it feels as if I am not recreational viagra reddit only holding or embracing him away from an abyss. I am also holding himâor, perhaps, shielding himâin the face of many, many abysses to come.In rough-and-tumble play, I often lift him up with my arms straightâholding him while he straightens his body, and âis an airplaneâ. Although this play is exhausting, particularly since I live with cerebral palsy, this is nevertheless an activity where we can be close to one another. When I recreational viagra reddit hold him up like this, or suddenly âcrashâ him safely down next to me on the bed, we are skin to skin, but not exactly like I used to be with his older siblings, and I suddenly have the impression that it also differs from how most fathers do this with their children.
I cannot know if our way is exclusively ours, but while I hold him, that is how it feels.Second, a human story âbehind and within medicineââor, for that matter, behind and within any social fieldâconsists of underlying notions and involved cultural categories. Hence, this article aims to unpack theoretical notions of care with reference to the thinkers mentioned above. Throughout, I try to unpack how different aspects of care âfollowâ each other in an analytical recreational viagra reddit âpathâ or trajectory, as if in a story (Kristeva et al. 2018).Third, the investigation of the human story of care must become an investigation of âhistoryâ and âcultural valenceâ.
In order to think historically, the analytical âengineâ includes Hyginusâ text, and 18th and 19th century uses of Cura and related motifs.Fourth, I follow Schillaceâs advice to examine âinfluence on practiceâ. In addition to the practice of parental recreational viagra reddit care, the exploration ends with a discussion of medical humanities as practice. When medical humanities scholars âconsiderâ the human story of care, they bring together different perspectives and forms of knowledge. In this case, however both the intertextual analyses and the autotheoretical work indicate that those complexities might overpower recreational viagra reddit our theoretical perspectives.
Hence, I conclude with a call for epistemological and analytical modesty.MethodAlthough the abovementioned scholars have used the myth of Cura for clearly theoretical purposes, several of them explore this also as carers in a personal sense. Julia Kristeva writes her work on care as the mother of a man with severe disabilities Kristeva (2013, 219â221), Arthur Kleinman and Geest (2009, 159â163) begin their rethinking with a rich narrative of his caring for his wife who lives with Alzheimerâs disease. In line with their work, this article combines textual interpretation with autotheoretical work.Often used in connection with genre-bending memoir The Argonauts by Maggie Nelson (2015), the term âautotheoryâ recreational viagra reddit designates a literary form involving âthe combination of autobiography and critical theoryâ (Pearl 2018, 200). In this article, however, I rely on the work of the Canadian artist, curator, writer and interdisciplinary researcher Fournier (2019), who has unpacked autotheory with particular reference to illness and embodiment.
Fournier describes autotheory as a specific form of academic practice:In autotheory as a conceptual and performative feminist practice, artists, writers, and critics use the first person, or related practices of self-imaging (Jones, Self/Image 134), to process, perform, enact, iterate, and wrestle with the hegemonic discourses of âtheoryâ and philosophy, extending the feminist practice of theorizing from oneâs subject positioning as a way of engendering insights into questions related to aesthetics, politics, ethics, and social and cultural theory. In autotheory, oneâs embodied experiences become the material through which one theorizes, and, in a similar way, theory becomes the discourse through which oneâs lived experience is refracted (658).In Fournierâs definition, theory functions recreational viagra reddit as âhegemonic discoursesâ, and as discourses through which oneâs lived experience is refracted. Contrary to this emphasis on languageâas well as their emphasis on language elsewhere (Heidegger 1927Heidegger 1937. Kleinman 1995.
Kristeva 2019)âneither Kristeva nor Kleinman or Heidegger recreational viagra reddit focus on Hyginusâ text. In contrast to this body of research, this article emphasizes the interpretative potential of the original text. In addition to grammatical analysis, I utilize the well-known concept of intertextuality, recreational viagra reddit as introduced by Kristeva (1980). However, I use it in a less structuralist sense than in her early formulations in Desire in Language.
Instead, I approach Hyginusâ text in line with her approach in âNos Deuxâ or a short (hi)story of intertextuality (Kristeva 2002).For me, intertextuality is mostly a way of making history go down in us. We, two texts, two destinies, two recreational viagra reddit psyches. It is a way if introducing history to structuralism and its orphan, lonely texts and readings. [â¦] the etymological meaning of âsemeionâ is a distinctive mark, a trace, an engraved or written sign, that makes us think of the Freudian âpsychicalâ marks, called drives, rhythmical articulations of embodied impulses and psychical movements.
In this sense, the meaning of the socio-historical aspect of intertextuality, as already developed by Bakhtin and Barthes, recreational viagra reddit acquires a new significance. Within each sociolect or ideology, (both well-established sign-systems) there will always be a breach of subjectivity carrying out a hidden matrix of pre-symbolic forces able to make history move on through all its short and singular stories. (2002. 8-9)First, this recreational viagra reddit means that I study Hyginusâ text not as a âlonely textâ, but as part of a historical trajectory.
The âsingular storiesâ are used to disturb the orderly (structural) notions of both textual and philosophical analysis.Second, I interpret Hyginusâ textâas well as other utilisations of the mythâwith focus on traces. Or, more specifically, to recreational viagra reddit find âdistinctive marksâ relevant to the same material as in authotheretical work. Âembodied impulses and psychical movementsâ. This, however, does not mean that the texts are reduced to a canvas for an engraved sign.
In methodological term, the aim is to allow the two destiniesâthe textual trajectory of the Cura motif, and the personal trajectory that becomes so intimate when I hold my son in my armsâto shed light on one another.Third, the interaction between these two methodological approaches will hopefully recreational viagra reddit allow historyâwhat Schillace calls the âhuman storyââto move in two diachronic ways. I aim to emphasise the differences between the different utilisations of the myth. Finally, I also aim to locate breaches in the âwell-established sign systemsâ we call theories of care, to get a glimpse of something yet hidden.Humanity as creation, care as fundamental conditionIn a narrative sense, Hyginus tells three stories. A story of the creation of humanity followed by recreational viagra reddit a story of a quarrel between deities and finally, a verdict on the ontological role of care in human life.
The first story in Hyginusâ fable begins thus:Cura cum quendam fluvium transiret, vidit cretosum lutum. Sustulit cogitabunda et coepit fingere hominem.When Cura was crossing a certain river, she saw some clayey mud. She took it up thoughtfully and began to fashion a man.Before interpreting this first story, recreational viagra reddit we must first acknowledge that the fable is an alteration or addition in a philological sense. While Fabulae is almost exclusively filled with Greek myths, the Cura fableâs position at the end of the collection suggests, âthat this particularly Roman tale was simply added to the end of the existing narrative portionâ (Smith and Trzaskoma 2007, xlix).
Moreover, philological recreational viagra reddit research consistently argues that fable CCXX âhinges on Latin wordplayâ (Smith and Trzaskoma 2007, xlviii).More specifically, Hyginus, in the Cura fable, alters a prevailing myth in late antiquity, one that he has even told earlier in the pages of Fabulae. That of how the titan Prometheus fashioned man from clay. In fable CXLII (âPandoraâ), Hyginus states explicitly that Prometheus lapeti filius primus homines ex luto finxit (Prometheus, son of Iapetus, first fashioned men from clay).Most Greek and Roman sources place the Prometheus plasticator motif within a three-stage narrative. First, Prometheus shapes the human from clay, and then Athena gives the creature inner recreational viagra reddit life.
Finally, sometimes after Prometheus has given humankind fire against the orders of Jove, Jove intervenes and sentences Prometheus to eternal punishment in the Caucasus.To understand the human storyâto which both this motif and Hyginusâ text belongâcomparison is needed. First, we must note that the neutral or slightly idyllic depictions in Hyginus and Ovid (respectively) differ from earlier and less optimistic renderings in Republican times. The poet Propertius, for instance, in his Libri Elegiarum from the first-century BC, laments and elaborates on how Prometheus was careless in his recreational viagra reddit creating. Here, the adverbial clause ille parum caute casts Prometheus as a figure of titanic heedlessness:ille parum caute pectoris egit opus.corpora disponens mentem non vidit in arto:The making of manâs reason he performed with too little care.Arranging our bodies, he overlooked the mind in his handiwork (Goold 1990, 232).Carelessness, the counterpart to the notion of care, is involved in the Prometheus plasticator motif throughout antiquity.
The adverbial clause ille parum caute does not derive from the same verb as Cura, but rather from the verb caveo (to take precautions, to be aware of something). Nevertheless, Prometheusâ lack of care underlines how recreational viagra reddit Hyginusâ text is an inversion these earlier texts. Instead of being created in a careless way, humanity is created by care.To be fair, a singular text never exhausts the potential of the history to which it belongs. Specific understandingsâin this recreational viagra reddit case.
Theoretical notions of careâare only a part of a wide array of potentials. The Prometheus Plasticator motif foreshadows 20th and 21st century theories of care, and 18th and 19th century depictions of Prometheus as a figure of romantic transgression. In Goetheâs poem Promethevs (written 1774, published 1789), Prometheus becomes a figure of independence and defianceâas expressed, for instance, in the final stanza:Hier sitz' ich, forme Menschen / Nach meinem Bilde, / Ein Geschlecht, das mir gleich recreational viagra reddit sei, / Zu leiden, zu weinen, / Zu genieÃen und zu freuen sich, / Und dein nicht zu achten, / Wie ich!. (Goethe 1998, 44â46)Here sit I, forming mortals /In my image.
/ A race resembling me, / To suffer, to weep, / To enjoy, to be glad, / And thee to scorn, /As I!. (Bowring 2015, 182)Typical of Goetheâs Sturm und Drang period, his Prometheus Plasticator is recreational viagra reddit a figure of creativity, and embodies âideals of freedom and rebellionâ (Raggio 1958, 44). Goetheâs poem emphasised the âautonomous existenceâ of mankind (Dougherty 2006, 95), thereby constituting an âemancipatory gestureâ (Edgar 2002, 161). Hyginusâ text inverts both classical and romantic evokings of the myth by inserting dependency rather than autonomy and expansion.
To shed further light on this recreational viagra reddit inversion, we must first unpack the name of the personification that Hyginus instals in the Prometheus Plasticator motif. Cura.The name Cura is derived from the verb curo. The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the verb thus:To watch over, look after, care for.To tend to, to do what is necessary to.To administer remedies, to treat (a sick person, wound, disease, etc).To have charge of. (absol.) to be in command.To devote oneself to, to cultivate (a person).To undertake, to see to (a task or a responsibility).To regard with anxiety or interest, worry or care about, heed.As we can see, the first three senses of this verb invert the Prometheus motif recreational viagra reddit we found in Propertius.
To instal the personification of curo in the motif is to instal carefulness, attentiveness and responsibility in a motif usually filled with lack of care. The third recreational viagra reddit sense also injects an aspect that is totally absent in classical anthropogenies. That of human frailty. It also relates to aspects of human lives that are particularly relevant to understanding care, illness, disease and disability.The fifth and sixth senses of the word similarly invert the romantic depictions of Prometheus motif.
The anthropogenic act is no longer about rebellion and expansion, but devotion and responsibility recreational viagra reddit. The seventh sense finally reverses the political impulse of the Sturm und Drangâthe desire for increased individual freedom and self-expansion in every imaginable wayâinto worrying and heeding.In addition to these intertextual relations, it is also fruitful to note the verbs that connect humanity to the three deities. While Curaâs creating is described with the verb fingo (in Hyginus. Âfingereâ), Joveâs and Tellusâ acts of giving are described by do recreational viagra reddit (in Hyginus.
Âdedistiâ). While the former verb is a very tactile verb, a matter of touch and contact, do signifies separationâto deliver or give something, to separate it from something in order to unite it with something else. An initial understanding of recreational viagra reddit care emerges from these textual relations. Care is fundamental (by belonging to the anthropogony), antithetical (by being the antithesis of carelessness and neglect) and intimate (by establishing relation through touch).Care imaginationsWhen modern scholars use Hyginusâ text, one word of the first sentence is often overlooked.
Cogitabunda (thoughtful) recreational viagra reddit. Although an adjective in the purely grammatical sense, this is the only word with an adverbial function in Hyginusâ text. Hence, it is the lone term specifying how actions and interactions take place. While Greco-Roman deities often act from rage (as in the conflict between the titans and Olympian deities) or desire recreational viagra reddit (as in the story of Zeus and Leda), Cura acts thoughtfully or with thought.As we can see, the adverb cogitabunda is attached to the picking up of the clay, not primarily to the act of creation.
Sustulit cogitabunda et coepit fingere hominem. Moreover, the temporal clause âand begun toâ (et coepit) also locates this thought as prior to the creation of humanity. To understand care as thoughtful, then, is about understanding thoughts and imaginaries âinvolvedâ in recreational viagra reddit care, and it includes thoughts and imaginaries that âpre-existâ, âframeâ or âunderpinâ care and care work.It is useful to explore how the meaning of cogitabunda is preserved and unveiled in the work of the German philosopher, poet and literary critic Johann Gottfried Herder (1744â1803). In his poem âDas Kind der Sorgeâ (1787), Herder follows Hyginus very closely (Bernays 1869, 158-163).
This poem was widely read, and it provided the basis for Goetheâs use of the Cura motif in Faust II (1832). Finally, Heidegger recreational viagra reddit also comments on the poem and cites it in extenso when he develops his notion of Sorge as the fundamental human condition (Dye 2009, 207â218)., Kristeva (2001), too, refers several times to Herder, and even refers directly to this poem (25â26). The first stanza describes the moment of creation thus:Einst saà am murmelnden StromeDie Sorge nieder und sann:Da bildet im Traum der GedankenIhr Finger ein leimernes Bild (von Herder 1889, 75).Once by a murmuring riverSorrow sat down, and there,In a vision, thought to form with the touchA wavering figure (Groth 2016, 31).von Herder positions the moment of creation as a radically imaginative act in at least three ways. First, the gaze recreational viagra reddit is far more manifest in von Herderâs text than in Hyginusâ.
While Hyginusâ Cura shapes a human (hominen) directly, von Herderâs âSorgeâ shapes an image (Bild). This dovetails well with important insights from care research. In relations recreational viagra reddit of care, the cared-for becomes visible to the carer(s), thereby also becoming a valued imago. Conversely, the carer(s) become visible in the imagination of the cared-forâeven in a Western culture that often obscures or silences interpersonal interdependence.Second, cogitabunda in Hyginus is also intertextually connected von Herderâs adverbial clause im Traum der Gedanken.
This phrase, roughly translatable as âin the dream of thoughtsâ, roots humanity in a singular image (or dream) that consist of or belong to several different thoughts or ways of thinking. This tension between individuality and multitude dovetails with research on the knowledge complexities involved in care.Third, the word âTraumâ (dream) in Traum der recreational viagra reddit Gedanken does not denote unreality, fantasy or illusion. For von Herder, dreams are not the opposite of reality, but thoughts beyond or above manifest reality (Wirklichkeit überhöhenden Gedankens). A dream of thoughts, then, is an experience or interpretation wherein the understanding of a phenomenon moves beyond how the phenomenon presently is, to what it should or could be.
Just as Hyginusâ cogitabunda can, if we interpret in intertextual recreational viagra reddit connection with von Herderâs Traum der Gedanken, also refract my experiences of holding my son in my arms. This is true of the experiences of performing actions that seem strange or unintelligible to those around us, but particularly true of the feeling of doing this in a way that is uniquely ours. The combination of these feelingsâwhere the socially estranged ways of caring is fundamentally ours recreational viagra reddit and integral to my parentingâengenders or entails a striving âupwardsâ. This striving is not limited to the idealisation that so often takes place in parenting, but is also a utopian, imaginative glimpse of a world wherein the both of us truly belong.In other words, the Cura motif foreshadows the âhorizontalâ complexities involved in care (multiple cultural imaginaries, multiple forms of knowledge).
It also foreshadows âverticalâ complexities, through which care imaginations include both underlying categories and überhöhende dimensions. These overarching or utopical dimensions, that both stem from recreational viagra reddit and go beyond the localised, singular imaginations of care, is known by many names in and beyond the medical humanities. Examples include âunderlying valuesâ, âethical content of particular practicesâ, âtransformative learningâ and many others (Ayala 2019, 269. Pettersen 2008, 188.
Winthrop 2003).Cogitabunda, recreational viagra reddit can mean to be thoughtful and to be âfull of thoughtsâ. The adverbial clause im Traum der Gedanken by von Herder (1888, 533), similarly, also signifies something unclear or disorganised. In his poetotological treatise Ãber Bild, Dictung und Fabel (1888, 533), von Herder juxtaposes this state with being in Leidenschaft (in passion), in Verrückung (in madness) or nicht auf seiner Hut (off guard). There is complexity and recreational viagra reddit opennessâperhaps even fantasy or at least explorationâin this.
When I hold my son in my arms connecting different realms of thought. As in recreational viagra reddit ruff-and-tumble-play, these realms are also at play as I think.The quarrel of the deities. Culture, nature and careAfter the first narrative, the second deals with a quarrel between the deities Cura, Jove and Tellus. Once humanity has been given inner life, the focus in Hyginusâ texts shifts from creating to name-giving:Cum vellet Cura nomen suum imponere, Iovis prohibuit suumque nomen ei dandum esse dixit.
Dum de nomine Cura et recreational viagra reddit lovis disceptarent, surrexit et Tellus suumque nomen ei imponi debere dicebat, quandoquidem corpus suum praebuisset.When Cura wanted to give it her name, Jove forbade, and said that his name should be given it. But while they were disputing about the name, Tellus arose and said that it should have her name, since she had given her own body.To name something after something else (and, perhaps particularly, after someone else) places the object within a certain taxonomy. Major deities such as Jove and Tellus are both rulers and personifications of different ontological realms or âelementsâ. Hyginusâ Cura is not known recreational viagra reddit from other Roman sources.
Instead, Cura is a âdeification of abstract ideasâ, a common feature of Roman culture (Axtell 1907). Hence, it becomes clear that the quarrel deals with ontological ideas, more specifically with the ontology of humanity. Each deity proposes a âlocationâ in classical ontology.The philosopher John T recreational viagra reddit. Hamilton has used the myth of Cura to explore how any understanding of security presupposes both care and carefulness.
He underlines how this âlocatingâ somehow names humanity after something that is neither identical nor particularly resembling humanity:The controversy recreational viagra reddit over the creatureâs name strives to resolve the issue of the figureâs proper being, without the aid of physical resemblance, without the talent for self-reflection. In my view, the debate over the name revolves on whether humanity is essentially atemporal (Telluric matter or Iovian spirit) or instead fundamentally temporal and constituted by time and history (Hamilton 2013, 71).It is worth noting that the deities are not offering or suggesting certain framings of human life. Hyginusâ textâin particular, the fact that Jove forbade any name other than his ownâindicates conflicts between perspectives and disciplines. The imaginative recreational viagra reddit richness involved in care, indicated by Hyginus cogitabunda or by the plural in von Herderâs Traum der Gedanken, is a plurality where incommensurabilities remain.
In my view, the myth of Cura points towards three possible but incommensurable ways of studying, describing and interpreting care (corresponding to Jove, Tellus and Cura, respectively):As a cultural or semantic phenomenon, elucidated in terms of meaning or more or less idealised notions.As a biological phenomenon, elucidated in medical, psychological or other health-related terms.As a relational phenomenon, elucidated in terms of care work (professional or not).Although it is necessary to understand care in all these ways, it is nevertheless impossible to fully merge them or produce those understandings simultaneously. Hence, it is necessary to add a more epistemologically oriented aspect of care. Care is fundamentally imaginative and context-dependent, and stands in-between otherwise incommensurable interpretative domains.Saturnâs recreational viagra reddit verdict. The continuous presence of careIn the third narrative in Hyginus, the quarrel is somehow resolved when the deities choose Saturn as their judge.
Sadly, this part of the text is fragmented. There is agreement, however, that Saturnâs verdict clarifies that recreational viagra reddit Jove will receive human souls, while Tellus will receive the body post mortem:Tu Iovis quoniam spiritum dedisti, <â¦>. Corpus recipito. Cura quoniam prima eum finxit, quamdiu vixerit, cura eum possideat recreational viagra reddit.
Sed quoniam de nomine eius controversia est, homo vocetur quoniam ex humo videtur esse factusJove, since you gave him spirit, let [Tellus] receive his body. Since Cura fashioned him from the start, let Cura possess him for as long as he lives. But since there is controversy about his name, let him be called homo, since he seems recreational viagra reddit to be made from humus.Let us begin by pointing out that Saturnâs verdict exposes yet another way in which Hyginusâ text alters the Prometheus plasticator motif. In most classical renderings, Prometheus is a trickster, and a transgressor from whom humanity is eventually separated.
After discovering his transgressions, the Olympian deities chain Prometheus to a mountain in the Caucasus, and humanity lives on without him. The relation between humanity and its creator is therefore temporary recreational viagra reddit. Hyginus, in contrast, makes it clear that humanity will remain under the guardianship of Cura quamdiu vixerit âfor as long as he shall liveâ.The significance of this difference becomes clearer if we compare Hyginusâ text to Ovidâs use of the Prometheus plasticator motif in Metamorphoses. After describing the original moment when Prometheus created Humanity, Ovid goes on to describe the human condition:quam satus Iapeto mixtam pluvialibus undis / finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum, / pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, / os homini sublime dedit caelumque videre(Ovid 1997, 47)so that his new creation, upright man, / was made in image of commanding gods?.
/ On earth the brute creation bends its gaze, / but man was given a recreational viagra reddit lofty countenance / and was commanded to behold the skies. / and with an upright face may view the stars (Melville and Kenney 2009, 76).As we can see, Ovidâs Prometheus creates a strong and vital human being. Humanity seems not dependent on care or assistance, but âmade in image of commanding godsâ. In Ovid, human life is essentially an independent life which resembles the lives of gods (in effigiem recreational viagra reddit moderantum cuncta deorum).
It is commonâand temptingâto imagine care relations as exceptions in human lives. In care research, for instance, recreational viagra reddit one often reserves care needs for vulnerable groups, thereby contrasting them with some kind of original, non-vulnerable state. In life-course research, similarly, care leaves life as people move into adolescence and adulthood, only to re-enter it in the special cases of disability, serious illness or old age. Hyginusâ text, in contrast, opens up for a rethinking of care as a fundamental, continuous part of human lives.This is essentially an ontological argument.
Although we often reserve the term for human beings who have unusual needsâfor instance, children or people with disabilitiesâcare is, in fact, much more recreational viagra reddit pervasive.Noting the etymology of the verb curoâdenoting what we call caring and worryingâHyginusâ text also points towards an understanding of care as protection. The notion of care becomes meaningful in and of itself, and in relation to its counterparts, such as conflict, violence and neglect. If the so-called ânormalâ human lifeâin Ovidâs words. Lives lived âin the image of commanding godsââis met by a radical lack of care, it would have little freedom and in fact be over in a matter of days.Hyginusâ text points towards an understanding wherein care reigns, recreational viagra reddit organises or facilitates human lives.
Cura somehow âholdsâ humanity in this life, indicating that Joveâs and Tellusâ receiving somehow lies outside that life (after death). For the medical humanities, this understanding of care suggests ways to think about both medical and cultural knowledge as forms of afterlife. Biological knowledge, for recreational viagra reddit instance, is a form of knowledge that has been aggregated outside and beyond individual lives. Through clinical generalisations, anatomical knowledge, systematic literature reviews and more.
Cultural knowledge, conversely, is deeply historical and contextualâthereby inevitably also recreational viagra reddit a testament to how both historical and contextual relations stretch far beyond individual lives.These ambiguities lead to a further understanding of care. Care is not only a fundamental preconditionâwhose impact depends on context and interpretationâcare is indeed a fundamental and omnipresent condition, that continuously engenders and relies on interpretative processes.Care as holding-togetherWhen I hold my son I ruff-and-tumble play, I am also holding together forms of knowledge. I connect many different forms of knowledgeâmy intimate experiences with him, my research experience from disability studies, the bits of knowledge I have received from medical and educational professionals and many othersâwith one another. Moreover, the knowledge I produceâfrom the actual recreational viagra reddit holding, from being skin to skin and from sensing if he cannot understand othersâis used in knowledge translation.
I use it to stretch the understandings of medical professionals beyond uncertain prognoses. I also use it to connect the knowledge of the preschool teachersâa knowledge which mainly deals with so-called ordinary childrenâwith the lives of extraordinary children such as my son.In Hyginusâ text, too, Cura holds together what otherwise would have been separate. Had it not been for Curaâs holding, and Saturnâs verdict, recreational viagra reddit humanity would have belonged to either Jove or Tellus. A recent âappeal to the medical humanitiesâ uses the potential of this narrative.
In it, Kristeva et al. (2018) use the myth of Cura to explore how humanity âbelongs to different ontological domainsâ held together by care:Saturn, the God of time, settles the matter through an recreational viagra reddit act of naming and by dividing and temporalising the possession of the various parts that comprise man. Jove is offered manâs soul and Tellus his body, after manâs death, while Cura will possess the creation in its lifetime since she made it. [â¦] Thus, human life as a composite assembly of spiritual (Jove) and material elements (Tellus) is held together recreational viagra reddit by Curaâs temporal care (55).In their unpacking, Curaâs holding of humanity becomes a holding-together of two forms of knowledge.
Biomedical knowledge of bios and sociocultural knowledge of zoe. Faced with situations of careâsituations that neither biomedical science nor cultural studies of health can understand sufficientlyâthe understanding of care becomes a point of intersection between otherwise separate landscapes.This holding-together is visible in a variety of care practices. In the case of evidence-based care, for instance, temporal doing at a certain point in time and history recreational viagra reddit (professional work) holds together atemporal knowledge of effects (evidence) and atemporal norms (professional ethics). The temporal care work may seem like a mere âapplicationâ of these atemporal knowledges.
However, recent studies argue that both evidence and norms exist as such if and only if they are interwoven with embodied practices. While âevidence in clinical decision making is relentlessly situated and contextualâ recreational viagra reddit (Wieringa et al. 2017, 964), so can the normative aspects only be sufficiently understood as âembodied processâ, located at âthe action levelâ (Doane and Varcoe 2008).Jove, Tellus and Cura personify ontological orders (ways of being), and epistemological orders (ways of knowing). If we then revisit the epistemological aspect of care, a further understanding emerges.
Care is a relational matterâin the lived lives of care receivers, as well as in the work of care professionalsâand it is crucial in holding together different social agents and different knowledge domains.Care recreational viagra reddit as withholdingWhen I âplay airplaneâ with my sonâor hold him close to me in situations where others do not understand him or vice versaâone might say that I know what I am doing. On the other hand, this holding challenges several parts of my knowledge of this world. It challenges my images of what it is recreational viagra reddit to be a father, since the play differs from how most fathers do this with their children. More importantly, perhaps, the knowledge produced when I hold my son in my arms in the face of many, many abysses to come differs from much of my academic and medical knowledge, including that which is inherent in his diagnoses and prognoses.This withholding might seem, contrary to the straightforward clarity of Hyginusâ text.
However, a more detailed examination can refract these interpretations. It is particularly worth recreational viagra reddit noting that the relation between Cura and the human beingâthat is, the fundamental ontological condition in this lifeâis described with a specific verbal clause with the verb possideo. Cura eum possideat (Cura shall hold him).The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines possideo thusly:To have (land) in oneâs control, occupy (as a tenant, etc). (absol.) to hold land.(in general) to hold as property, b.
To take recreational viagra reddit (property) into oneâs keeping, appropriate.(of a sovereign, army, etc) to have control of (a country, position, etc) [â¦] to assume or exercise control over (persons).To take or have in its power, dominate, overwhelm, possess.To fill or take up (a space) with oneâs bulk.To take up wholly (a personâs time). To absorb the thoughts and energies of someone.Possideo denotes not a general sense of holding, or a more general sense of contact or connection, but an exclusive holdingâsimilar to the English verb to possess. Cura, then, is not only holding a humanity that belongs to both Jove and Tellus, but she is also withholding this humanity from them. This becomes even clearer if we emphasise that recreational viagra reddit possideo is a transitive verb.
At least to some extent, the clauses quamdiu vixerit, Cura eum possideat entail a micro-narrative. Although âcreated from,â or consisting of recreational viagra reddit biological matter, and being characterised by the presence of âsoulâ or some measure of cognition, humanity is fundamentally âcontrolledâ by care in this life. The separating into meaning (spirit) and biology (bodily remains) takes place outside this life. Curaâs holding, then, allows us to understand the holding-together of medicine and culture, and a withholding from both these domains.The âhermeneutic storyâ (Kristeva 2002, 10) of Hyginusâ possideatâwherein care holds humanity at the expense of both culture and biomedicineâcontradicts epistemological optimism.
Hyginus text allows us to glimpse intimate care knowledge recreational viagra reddit that connects cultural and biomedical knowledge, and that holds human life away from generalised knowledge. When Cura withholds humanity from generalised cultural knowledge (Jove) and generalised biochemical knowledge (Tellus) and care produces knowingâoften described as insight, sharing and holding-togetherâand un-knowing.These difficulties indicate the need for an additional understanding of care. Care must be understood as a practice that holds together multiple parties and multiple forms of knowledge. However, it must also be understood as a practiceâor recreational viagra reddit if you will.
A form of human relationâthat withholds something from knowledge.I shall hold him for as long as I shall liveThe âhuman storyâ of care relations (eum possideat) will necessarily entail a human story of singular actions that to some extent can only be described in first-person singular. Eum possideam (I shall hold him). To explore this individual eum recreational viagra reddit possideam, I try to âtheorise from my subject positionâ (Fournier 2019, 658). When activating my own intimate experiences, it became clear that interpretations of my eum possideam quamdiu vixerit can refractâor even fractureâtheoretical notions of care.To connect intimate experiences of holdingâbe it in bodily care, in adverse social situations or in rough-and-tumble playâwith cultural and political theory is clearly a daunting task.
Although this still seems unclear to me, I can at least outline four aspects of the recreational viagra reddit refraction. First, I do hold together cultural and biomedical knowledge. When my son is in my arms, multiple cultural imaginaries are involved. My understanding of his life (and of mine) is dependent on my language and my cultural frames, recreational viagra reddit and I am consistently aware of a clinical gaze.
My sonâs lifeâand, thereby, also my own life and my care workâare viewed or observed by medical professionals, psychologists, special needs educators and preschool teachers.Second, the holding is troublesome. In a narrower sense, I note that his needs lead me to hold and even carry him in ways that most parents only do with substantially younger children. Combined with my own embodied condition, there emerges a bodily trouble, an element of exhaustion, recreational viagra reddit uncertain walking and muscular pain. Regarding my cultural knowledge, it becomes clear that my own imaginaries entail expectations and understandings that somehow seem incompatible with his life.
In this social contextâparenting in Norway, located in middle-class familiesâchildhood is simultaneously about âfindings oneâs own voiceâ (autonomy) and about âfollowing the pathâ (social reproduction). To claim that autonomy outside language is possible, or that a person in his situation may reproduce his parents, seems equally futile.Regarding biomedical knowledge, I take care of my 4-year-old (as I do all three of my children) within recreational viagra reddit a biomedical framework. Most Norwegian children are screened regularly for somatic problems, and to measure linguistic, cognitive and psychosocial development. While this knowledge has thus far granted me a certain comfort in parenting my two oldest childrenâconfirming, as it recreational viagra reddit were, that all is wellâthat has, obviously, not been the case with my youngest son.
Hence, his life is also framed by medical knowledge in a more direct way. He receives a range of health-related services, a provision that also positions my parental care within the same frame.Third, there is an uncertain future involved in this. This is recreational viagra reddit of course always true of any intersubjective relation in general and of care relations in particular. The future is open, and it can entail painful events.
However, his situation exposes uncertainty in a more radical way. Culturally, it exposes how I see my other childrenâas having quite stable chances for social reproductionâpartly thanks to how I recreational viagra reddit see him. Through a fatherly lens of rather unclear hopes and worries. Medically, the tests of my youngest son continuously yield inconclusive results.
This has replaced my former sense of parental comfort with gnawing anxiety over his recreational viagra reddit future. Moreover, the complexities of his living leaves me, as a caregiver, with the unpredictability of his diagnostic results, rather than with stable prognoses.Fourth, these intimate situations entail a particular life-course temporality, which differs from the temporality of professional care, as well from the temporality in Hyginusâ text. In the case of professional careers, their work is regulated to certain hours (of paid work), and to certain phases of life. Most professional carers will retire, and many will pursue other forms of work at some point in time recreational viagra reddit.
In Curaâs case, her care work is also time limited. The temporality of the deityâs existence is recreational viagra reddit sufficient to encompass the temporality of humanity. In both cases, the life course temporality of the carer is sufficient for the imagined care work.In my parental care work, however, the temporality is insufficient rather than sufficient. In all likelihood, I will somehow care for my son for as long as I am alive.
Moreover, this lifelong work will likely be insufficient in at least two ways related to recreational viagra reddit the temporality of my life. My own ageing will likely reduce my ability to perform the care work, and I will likely die before my son, leaving him without parental care. Hence, the temporality of my care cannot be formulated as eum possideam quamdiu vixerit (I shall hold him for as long as he shall live), but as eum possideam quamdiu vixero (I shall hold him for as long as I shall live).This rudimentary autotheoretical investigation brings to light three forms of withholding. First, the nature of recreational viagra reddit the holding (eum possideam) withholds care from the epistemological domains that the medical humanities traditionally investigate.
Second, the temporality involved in parental care (quamdiu vixero) withholds something from the temporality of professional care. Third, something is also withheld from the âparental temporality.â. The need care depends on his life (quamidiu vixerit), not on mine recreational viagra reddit. Several forms of knowledge, and several forms of embodied holding, are involved without being fully commensurable.
Since I cannot resolve these enigmatic forms of withholding, the theoretical understandings remain breached, implicitly pointing towards not-yet-explicable or not-yet-nameable understandings.Withholding recreational viagra reddit and ambiguityMy holding of my son in my arms come with several temptations. One of themâin particular, as I am holding him, or, perhaps, shielding himâis to think that I hold some kind of vast, privileged knowledge. While this is of course true to some extent, there are more powerful movements at play. On the one hand, the complexities in the recreational viagra reddit situation forces me out of the internal comfort that characterises the centre of any ontological or epistemological âdomainâ.
On the other hand, I am also forced to admit another thing. That I can hold him, but it remains unclearâto some extentâif I can know him. I cannot know if our way recreational viagra reddit is exclusively ours.Similarly, intertextual analysis locates breaches in specific âsign-systemsâ, and in larger âsocial and historical materialâ (Kristeva 2002, 9â10). Hence, the specific inquiries presented in this article relate to more general ways of inquiry.
When we use those notions, we connect different academic investigations, and different academic disciplines, theoretical traditions and research methodologies. In Julia Kristevaâs words, these relations are âtemporal connectionsâ and âpoints of contactâ (2002:8) and points of âdistortion, ambiguity and contradictionâ (2002:11).The understanding of care as holding-together connects very well with the rise in recreational viagra reddit interdisciplinarity within the medical humanities. The three deities Jove, Tellus and Cura are brought together in dispute, and Saturnâs verdict foreshadows how different ontological domains are held together in human life.Studying an interaction between form of knowledgeâin their case. The interaction between medical imagining and patient creativityâStahl and Stahl use the insufficiencies of medical knowledge in an argument for multiple perspectives:Although in contemporary Western society, many tend to believe the hard science provide the truest or most accurate interpretation of the natural recreational viagra reddit world, it cannot exhaust the meaning of the body.
If we believe we are more than the sum of our parts, then we ought to allow for multiple and even varied interpretations of our bodies (Stahl and Stahl 2016, 159).Interpreting care as connectedness and holding-together, medical humanities scholars aim to hold together medical and cultural knowledge in new, explorative and enriching ways, and they often succeed.Such interpretations also speak to an even more radical ambition, that of academic convergence, sometimes referred to as transdisciplinary research. Such appeals are often embedded in a considerable epistemological ambition. Pointing out the insufficiencies of âillustrativeâ or âadditiveâ work in the medical humanities, Kristeva recreational viagra reddit et al. (2018) express a particularly radical version of this ambition:[W]e do not consider the humanities as a critical and potentially liberating perspective that can be applied to medicine as an object in need of repairment.
Medical humanities should not be construed as a humanistic perspective on medicine. They should rather be seen as a cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural space for a recreational viagra reddit bidirectional critical interrogation of both biomedicine (simplistic reductions of life to biology) and the humanities (simplistic reductions of suffering and health injustice to cultural relativism). On the one hand, this implies breaking with the cultureânature dichotomy and considering both the humanities and medicine as biocultural practices. On the other hand, it also implies understanding that boundary work requires boundaries, and that incommensurability between various partial disciplinary perspectives canâand willâemerge (56).The ambition at stake here listens to the holding-together outlined above.
Whereas more âadditiveâ ways of connecting knowledge are valuableâfor instance, when humanities-based research recreational viagra reddit âfill the gapsâ of âpureâ medical research in order to facilitate evidence-based careâthis is not what Hyginusâ text indicates. Just as the relation between Jove and Tellus is symmetric and mutual (they are equally necessary for the creation of humanity and will âholdâ remain with equal sovereignty after this life), so is the relation between Cura and the two other deities. Jove and Tellus are separated from humanity in this life, and Cura is recreational viagra reddit equally separated from humanity after this life. This fable cannot be intertextually connected with asymmetrical or additive relations between knowledge fields, but it is connected with a âspace for bidirectional critical interrogationâ.It is perhaps less clear how care as un-knowing speaks to larger trends in the medical humanities.
It is therefore necessary to ask. How can understandings of care that emphasise withholding and un-knowing, including autotheoretical investigations that increase uncertainty, ambiguity and painful affects, recreational viagra reddit inform knowledge production?. To outline a provisional response to this question, it is useful to return to Hyginusâ text once again. The description of Curaâs relation to humanityâCura quoniam prima eum finxit, quamdiu vixerit, cura eum possideat (Since Cura fashioned him from the start, let Cura hold him for as long as he shall live)âshould also be read with attention to grammar.
While the conjunction quoniam (since) introduces a causal clause in the indicative mood (finxit), followed by an adverbial clause in the recreational viagra reddit indicative (vixerit), the resulting clause is in the subjunctive (possideat). Interestingly, this subjunctive inflection is the only use of the subjunctive mood in Hyginusâ text.This use of the subjunctive moodâsometimes called âindependentâ usageâcan have a variety of purposes. Although the usage in fable CCXX is iussiveâin the sense that makes a permanent judgementâit is worth noting that the subjunctive mood is often associated with potentiality in classical Latin. Other common areas of usage include âquestions in which the speaker or writer expresses doubt or disbelief by âthinking aloudâ (deliberative), wishes that cannot or may not be fulfilled (optative), and the potentiality that recreational viagra reddit something may happen or might have happened (potential)â (Palma 2012, 377).
Moreover, it is worth noting that possideat is in present tense. Since the subjunctive mood lacks a future tense in Latin, the active present tense can also denote recreational viagra reddit future actions. Hyginusâ text, then, points towards knowing and un-knowing, and towards openness to potentiality and some degree of uncertainty.When held together, withholding and uncertainty give a clear implication for the medical humanities as a form of academic practice. The epistemological ambitiousness in medical humanities should be supplemented with what one might call epistemological modesty.
Such modesty is rooted in recreational viagra reddit the specifics of care, and in the relation between complexity and synthesis. What is at stake in care researchâif we take the abovementioned complexities into accountâis a âbidirectional spaceâ, and an ever-expanding and exponentially multidimensional space. When medical humanities emerged, it was only a question of time before the field began to involve other humanities and social sciences disciplines than those involved in the initial phase. Similarly, the growth of critical medical humanities steadily increases the engagements with all kinds of critical research frontiers, in the social sciences as well as in recreational viagra reddit the humanities.
At least in an area such as studies of careâwhere the intimacy is so acutely palpableâit will become increasingly clear that the medical humanities will remain âoutnumberedâ or âoverpoweredâ by the analytical complexities the field itself brings forth.Some scholars in the critical humanities have argued that scholars should âembraceâ this kind of overpowering (Viney, Callard, and Woods 2015, 2â7). However, Hyginusâ text complicates the relation between care practices (Cura), culture (Jove) and biomedicine (Tellus) regardless of such embraces. Although care holds humanity at the recreational viagra reddit expense of the other forms of knowing, his holding neither implies any disregard for humanities-based nor medical knowledge. Rather, the unpacking presented in this article demonstrates how care brings forth an epistemological modesty.
Only an recreational viagra reddit epistemologically modest way of doing medical humanities can address the intimate and enigmatic qualities of care.Discussion. Scholarly and analytical contributionWhile the textual and autotheoretical analyses presented in this paper followed the suggestion from Kristeva et alâto we question âthe cultural distinction between the objectivity of (medical) science and the subjectivity of cultureâ (2018:55)âit nevertheless ended in an emphasis on intimate withholding. This withholdingâbe it epistemological, theoretical or inherent in the intimate experience of holding or embracing my son away from an abyssâis relevant to the medical humanities in general. However, it is also a recreational viagra reddit contribution to four more specific tendencies in the available literature.First, the unpacking contributes to feminist care research.
Beginning with the canonical work on âa different voiceâ by Gilligan (1982), feminist care research has increasingly emphasised the knowledge multitude involved in care. More recent research also shows a multitude of empirical delineations. While some scholars recreational viagra reddit reserve the term for face-to-face interaction, or for situations characterised by asymmetrical dependency, others do not. The investigation in this article brings forth additional multitude by combining academic disciplines that rarely interactâcare research, linguistic analysis of Latin texts, romanticism studies and autotheoretical analysis workâand implies many possibilities for further research.Second, the autotheoretical interpretations can contribute to the research field sometimes known as ethics of care.
Following such works as the book Learning from my Daughter by Kittay Kittay (2019, xx), where she proposes that the relation of parental care provides âthe only universal and morally significant property that all humans possessâ, I aim to shed light on how care work engenders ethical thinking. My holding of my son in my armsâas well as the withholding that both this holding and Hyginusâ text entailâis as political and ethical as it is personal recreational viagra reddit and embodied.Third, this paper also relates to a more critical strain of ethics of care. Pettersen (2008) work, for instance, demonstrates how the ethics of care âsubverts the public/private dimension altogetherâ, thereby allowing for a broader range of criticism (45). Moreover, Fletcher and Piemonte (2017) shed light on how healthcare practices constitute a âquiet subversionâ of neoliberal cultural recreational viagra reddit structures.
Arguably, both intimate withholding and epistemological overwhelming shows the power involved in such subversions.Fourth, I hope to contribute to the strand of researchâin care research as well as in disability studiesâthat relate to the work of Julia Kristeva. On the one hand, the rethinking presented in this paper dovetails with her perspectives on how intimate aspects of care destabilise the larger frameworks, cultural structures that are nevertheless sustained by those actions of care. The autotheoretical recreational viagra reddit exploration towards the emblematic formulation eum possideam quamdiu vixero (I shall hold him for as long as I shall live) might also respond fruitfully to Kristevaâs account of how her âliving with [â¦] the neurological difficulties of my son Davidâ (2013, 220) lead her to explore maternity as I want that you be (2013, 229). On the other hand, I also try to challenge what I see as an epistemological and political optimism in Kristevaâs work.Data availability statementNo data are available.
Since this is an autoethnographic investigation, primary data will not be available.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.Ethics approvalThe ethical aspects have been reviewed by the research management at the Work Research Institute. See also footnote 1.AcknowledgmentsI would recreational viagra reddit like to thank Eivind Engebretsen and John Ãdemark for their encouragements, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.Notes1. Patient and public involvement statement. Although there is no public involvement in the writing of this paper, the autotheoretical approach does of course involve my son.
This approach hinders full anonymisation, just like his way of living in this world hinders informed consent in the traditional sense recreational viagra reddit. The approach also excludes the potential for full anonymisation. The consent is therefore, in consultation with his mother, given by me as his legal guardian..
Welcome to the best online viagra first issue of 2022!. We have several exciting changes to announce in the new year. To begin with, we have been increasing our number of published submissions per issue, including some of our content exclusively online (the most common way that our readers access the journal) best online viagra.
In addition, we have put out additional calls for submissions and look forward to receiving new work.We have spent the last 4âyears working towards social justice, accessibility, global â¦IntroductionThe subject of care is gaining importance within the medical humanities, but it also remains elusive. Hence, this paper aims to unpack theoretical notions of care in a way that integrates the elusiveness rather than trying to avoid it. It also responds to a recent article by Julia Kristeva et al, in which they claim that best online viagra care holds humanity (Kristeva et al.
2018).When in need of theoretical elaboration or re-development, medical humanities scholars have sometimes evoked Greek or Roman myths, such as those of Narcissus, Hephaestus or Leto (Cilione, Marinozzi, and Gazzaniga 2019. Pannese 2011. Schott 2017) best online viagra.
Similarly, this article evokes the Roman myth of Cura to unpack theoretical understandings of care. In this myth, known from the writings of the first century mythographer Hyginus, humanity is created from clay by a personification of care. It has proven useful to thinkers as diverse as Martin Heidegger, Arthur Kleinman (Kleinman and van best online viagra der Geest 2009) and Julia Kristeva (Kristeva (2012), Kristeva et al.
2018). While utilisation by Heidegger 1927, 196â200 âchallenges the myth of self-sufficiency and individual atomization that that has shaped much of modern Western philosophyâ (Froese 2005, 16), both Kleinman and Kristeva explore the tension between universalised knowledge and the singularity of individual patients and intimate care (Engebretsen, Fraas Henrichsen, and best online viagra Ãdemark 2020).While none of these scholars engage with Hyginusâ Fabulae directly, I use the text as an âengineâ in a four-step endeavour. This endeavour follows Brandy Schillaceâs description of the medical humanities as âa field that at its core considers the human story behind and within medicine, its history, its cultural valence and its influence on practiceâ Schillace (2017, 139).First, a âhuman storyâ entails agency, the things that humans do in their lives.
While the âappealâ from Kristeva et al uses a case from intercultural psychoanalysis, the authors have previously researched a variety of professional healthcare practices (Engebretsen 2016. Engebretsen, Sandset, and Ãdemark best online viagra 2017. Hetrick et al.
2017). However, it is crucial to note that Cura (in Hyginusâ best online viagra text) will âholdâ humanity quamdiu vixerit (for as long as he shall live). Such a life-long temporality does not dovetail with the temporary, regulated and systematised relations of healthcare organisations.
Hyginusâ text has, I argue, a much stronger affinity to the temporality of parental care. Hence, I begin the endeavour by acknowledging that I am a scholar, and the father of a boy with little linguistic function.1 Although my parental care for my son entails a multitude of meanings and instances, I best online viagra begin with two tales from my parental care in 2020:Sometimes, if he does not understand what is going on, or if his actions feel unintelligible to others who are present, I take him in my arms. In that way, we are at least together in a situation when both of us otherwise would have been on our own.
Suddenly, it feels as if I best online viagra am not only holding or embracing him away from an abyss. I am also holding himâor, perhaps, shielding himâin the face of many, many abysses to come.In rough-and-tumble play, I often lift him up with my arms straightâholding him while he straightens his body, and âis an airplaneâ. Although this play is exhausting, particularly since I live with cerebral palsy, this is nevertheless an activity where we can be close to one another.
When I hold him up like this, or suddenly âcrashâ him safely down next to me on the bed, we are skin to skin, but not exactly like I used to be with his older siblings, and I suddenly have the impression that it best online viagra also differs from how most fathers do this with their children. I cannot know if our way is exclusively ours, but while I hold him, that is how it feels.Second, a human story âbehind and within medicineââor, for that matter, behind and within any social fieldâconsists of underlying notions and involved cultural categories. Hence, this article aims to unpack theoretical notions of care with reference to the thinkers mentioned above.
Throughout, I try best online viagra to unpack how different aspects of care âfollowâ each other in an analytical âpathâ or trajectory, as if in a story (Kristeva et al. 2018).Third, the investigation of the human story of care must become an investigation of âhistoryâ and âcultural valenceâ. In order to think historically, the analytical âengineâ includes Hyginusâ text, and 18th and 19th century uses of Cura and related motifs.Fourth, I follow Schillaceâs advice to examine âinfluence on practiceâ.
In addition to the practice of parental care, the best online viagra exploration ends with a discussion of medical humanities as practice. When medical humanities scholars âconsiderâ the human story of care, they bring together different perspectives and forms of knowledge. In this best online viagra case, however both the intertextual analyses and the autotheoretical work indicate that those complexities might overpower our theoretical perspectives.
Hence, I conclude with a call for epistemological and analytical modesty.MethodAlthough the abovementioned scholars have used the myth of Cura for clearly theoretical purposes, several of them explore this also as carers in a personal sense. Julia Kristeva writes her work on care as the mother of a man with severe disabilities Kristeva (2013, 219â221), Arthur Kleinman and Geest (2009, 159â163) begin their rethinking with a rich narrative of his caring for his wife who lives with Alzheimerâs disease. In line with their work, this article combines best online viagra textual interpretation with autotheoretical work.Often used in connection with genre-bending memoir The Argonauts by Maggie Nelson (2015), the term âautotheoryâ designates a literary form involving âthe combination of autobiography and critical theoryâ (Pearl 2018, 200).
In this article, however, I rely on the work of the Canadian artist, curator, writer and interdisciplinary researcher Fournier (2019), who has unpacked autotheory with particular reference to illness and embodiment. Fournier describes autotheory as a specific form of academic practice:In autotheory as a conceptual and performative feminist practice, artists, writers, and critics use the first person, or related practices of self-imaging (Jones, Self/Image 134), to process, perform, enact, iterate, and wrestle with the hegemonic discourses of âtheoryâ and philosophy, extending the feminist practice of theorizing from oneâs subject positioning as a way of engendering insights into questions related to aesthetics, politics, ethics, and social and cultural theory. In autotheory, oneâs embodied experiences become the material through which one theorizes, and, in a similar way, theory becomes the discourse through which oneâs lived experience is refracted (658).In Fournierâs definition, theory functions as âhegemonic discoursesâ, and as discourses through which oneâs best online viagra lived experience is refracted.
Contrary to this emphasis on languageâas well as their emphasis on language elsewhere (Heidegger 1927Heidegger 1937. Kleinman 1995. Kristeva 2019)âneither Kristeva nor Kleinman or Heidegger best online viagra focus on Hyginusâ text.
In contrast to this body of research, this article emphasizes the interpretative potential of the original text. In addition to best online viagra grammatical analysis, I utilize the well-known concept of intertextuality, as introduced by Kristeva (1980). However, I use it in a less structuralist sense than in her early formulations in Desire in Language.
Instead, I approach Hyginusâ text in line with her approach in âNos Deuxâ or a short (hi)story of intertextuality (Kristeva 2002).For me, intertextuality is mostly a way of making history go down in us. We, two texts, two destinies, two best online viagra psyches. It is a way if introducing history to structuralism and its orphan, lonely texts and readings.
[â¦] the etymological meaning of âsemeionâ is a distinctive mark, a trace, an engraved or written sign, that makes us think of the Freudian âpsychicalâ marks, called drives, rhythmical articulations of embodied impulses and psychical movements. In this sense, the meaning of the socio-historical aspect of intertextuality, as already developed by best online viagra Bakhtin and Barthes, acquires a new significance. Within each sociolect or ideology, (both well-established sign-systems) there will always be a breach of subjectivity carrying out a hidden matrix of pre-symbolic forces able to make history move on through all its short and singular stories.
(2002. 8-9)First, this best online viagra means that I study Hyginusâ text not as a âlonely textâ, but as part of a historical trajectory. The âsingular storiesâ are used to disturb the orderly (structural) notions of both textual and philosophical analysis.Second, I interpret Hyginusâ textâas well as other utilisations of the mythâwith focus on traces.
Or, more specifically, to find âdistinctive marksâ relevant to the same material as in best online viagra authotheretical work. Âembodied impulses and psychical movementsâ. This, however, does not mean that the texts are reduced to a canvas for an engraved sign.
In methodological term, the aim is to allow the two destiniesâthe textual trajectory of the Cura motif, and the personal trajectory that becomes so intimate when I hold my best online viagra son in my armsâto shed light on one another.Third, the interaction between these two methodological approaches will hopefully allow historyâwhat Schillace calls the âhuman storyââto move in two diachronic ways. I aim to emphasise the differences between the different utilisations of the myth. Finally, I also aim to locate breaches in the âwell-established sign systemsâ we call theories of care, to get a glimpse of something yet hidden.Humanity as creation, care as fundamental conditionIn a narrative sense, Hyginus tells three stories.
A story of the creation best online viagra of humanity followed by a story of a quarrel between deities and finally, a verdict on the ontological role of care in human life. The first story in Hyginusâ fable begins thus:Cura cum quendam fluvium transiret, vidit cretosum lutum. Sustulit cogitabunda et coepit fingere hominem.When Cura was crossing a certain river, she saw some clayey mud.
She took it up thoughtfully and began to fashion a man.Before interpreting this first best online viagra story, we must first acknowledge that the fable is an alteration or addition in a philological sense. While Fabulae is almost exclusively filled with Greek myths, the Cura fableâs position at the end of the collection suggests, âthat this particularly Roman tale was simply added to the end of the existing narrative portionâ (Smith and Trzaskoma 2007, xlix). Moreover, philological research consistently argues that fable CCXX âhinges on best online viagra Latin wordplayâ (Smith and Trzaskoma 2007, xlviii).More specifically, Hyginus, in the Cura fable, alters a prevailing myth in late antiquity, one that he has even told earlier in the pages of Fabulae.
That of how the titan Prometheus fashioned man from clay. In fable CXLII (âPandoraâ), Hyginus states explicitly that Prometheus lapeti filius primus homines ex luto finxit (Prometheus, son of Iapetus, first fashioned men from clay).Most Greek and Roman sources place the Prometheus plasticator motif within a three-stage narrative. First, Prometheus shapes the human from best online viagra clay, and then Athena gives the creature inner life.
Finally, sometimes after Prometheus has given humankind fire against the orders of Jove, Jove intervenes and sentences Prometheus to eternal punishment in the Caucasus.To understand the human storyâto which both this motif and Hyginusâ text belongâcomparison is needed. First, we must note that the neutral or slightly idyllic depictions in Hyginus and Ovid (respectively) differ from earlier and less optimistic renderings in Republican times. The poet Propertius, for instance, in his Libri Elegiarum from the first-century BC, laments best online viagra and elaborates on how Prometheus was careless in his creating.
Here, the adverbial clause ille parum caute casts Prometheus as a figure of titanic heedlessness:ille parum caute pectoris egit opus.corpora disponens mentem non vidit in arto:The making of manâs reason he performed with too little care.Arranging our bodies, he overlooked the mind in his handiwork (Goold 1990, 232).Carelessness, the counterpart to the notion of care, is involved in the Prometheus plasticator motif throughout antiquity. The adverbial clause ille parum caute does not derive from the same verb as Cura, but rather from the verb caveo (to take precautions, to be aware of something). Nevertheless, Prometheusâ lack of care underlines how Hyginusâ text is an best online viagra inversion these earlier texts.
Instead of being created in a careless way, humanity is created by care.To be fair, a singular text never exhausts the potential of the history to which it belongs. Specific understandingsâin best online viagra this case. Theoretical notions of careâare only a part of a wide array of potentials.
The Prometheus Plasticator motif foreshadows 20th and 21st century theories of care, and 18th and 19th century depictions of Prometheus as a figure of romantic transgression. In Goetheâs poem Promethevs (written 1774, published 1789), Prometheus best online viagra becomes a figure of independence and defianceâas expressed, for instance, in the final stanza:Hier sitz' ich, forme Menschen / Nach meinem Bilde, / Ein Geschlecht, das mir gleich sei, / Zu leiden, zu weinen, / Zu genieÃen und zu freuen sich, / Und dein nicht zu achten, / Wie ich!. (Goethe 1998, 44â46)Here sit I, forming mortals /In my image.
/ A race resembling me, / To suffer, to weep, / To enjoy, to be glad, / And thee to scorn, /As I!. (Bowring 2015, 182)Typical of Goetheâs Sturm und Drang period, his Prometheus Plasticator is a figure of best online viagra creativity, and embodies âideals of freedom and rebellionâ (Raggio 1958, 44). Goetheâs poem emphasised the âautonomous existenceâ of mankind (Dougherty 2006, 95), thereby constituting an âemancipatory gestureâ (Edgar 2002, 161).
Hyginusâ text inverts both classical and romantic evokings of the myth by inserting dependency rather than autonomy and expansion. To shed further light on this best online viagra inversion, we must first unpack the name of the personification that Hyginus instals in the Prometheus Plasticator motif. Cura.The name Cura is derived from the verb curo.
The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the verb thus:To watch over, look after, care for.To tend to, to do what is necessary to.To administer remedies, to treat (a sick person, wound, disease, etc).To have charge of. (absol.) to be in command.To devote oneself to, to cultivate (a person).To undertake, to see to (a task or a responsibility).To regard with anxiety best online viagra or interest, worry or care about, heed.As we can see, the first three senses of this verb invert the Prometheus motif we found in Propertius. To instal the personification of curo in the motif is to instal carefulness, attentiveness and responsibility in a motif usually filled with lack of care.
The third sense also injects best online viagra an aspect that is totally absent in classical anthropogenies. That of human frailty. It also relates to aspects of human lives that are particularly relevant to understanding care, illness, disease and disability.The fifth and sixth senses of the word similarly invert the romantic depictions of Prometheus motif.
The anthropogenic act is no longer about rebellion and expansion, but devotion and responsibility best online viagra. The seventh sense finally reverses the political impulse of the Sturm und Drangâthe desire for increased individual freedom and self-expansion in every imaginable wayâinto worrying and heeding.In addition to these intertextual relations, it is also fruitful to note the verbs that connect humanity to the three deities. While Curaâs creating is described with the verb fingo (in Hyginus.
Âfingereâ), Joveâs and Tellusâ acts of giving are described by do best online viagra (in Hyginus. Âdedistiâ). While the former verb is a very tactile verb, a matter of touch and contact, do signifies separationâto deliver or give something, to separate it from something in order to unite it with something else.
An initial understanding of care emerges from these best online viagra textual relations. Care is fundamental (by belonging to the anthropogony), antithetical (by being the antithesis of carelessness and neglect) and intimate (by establishing relation through touch).Care imaginationsWhen modern scholars use Hyginusâ text, one word of the first sentence is often overlooked. Cogitabunda (thoughtful) best online viagra.
Although an adjective in the purely grammatical sense, this is the only word with an adverbial function in Hyginusâ text. Hence, it is the lone term specifying how actions and interactions take place. While Greco-Roman deities often act from rage (as in the conflict between the titans and Olympian deities) or desire (as in the story of Zeus and Leda), Cura acts thoughtfully or with thought.As we can see, the adverb cogitabunda is best online viagra attached to the picking up of the clay, not primarily to the act of creation.
Sustulit cogitabunda et coepit fingere hominem. Moreover, the temporal clause âand begun toâ (et coepit) also locates this thought as prior to the creation of humanity. To understand care as thoughtful, best online viagra then, is about understanding thoughts and imaginaries âinvolvedâ in care, and it includes thoughts and imaginaries that âpre-existâ, âframeâ or âunderpinâ care and care work.It is useful to explore how the meaning of cogitabunda is preserved and unveiled in the work of the German philosopher, poet and literary critic Johann Gottfried Herder (1744â1803).
In his poem âDas Kind der Sorgeâ (1787), Herder follows Hyginus very closely (Bernays 1869, 158-163). This poem was widely read, and it provided the basis for Goetheâs use of the Cura motif in Faust II (1832). Finally, Heidegger also comments on the poem and cites it in extenso when he develops his notion of Sorge as the fundamental human condition best online viagra (Dye 2009, 207â218)., Kristeva (2001), too, refers several times to Herder, and even refers directly to this poem (25â26).
The first stanza describes the moment of creation thus:Einst saà am murmelnden StromeDie Sorge nieder und sann:Da bildet im Traum der GedankenIhr Finger ein leimernes Bild (von Herder 1889, 75).Once by a murmuring riverSorrow sat down, and there,In a vision, thought to form with the touchA wavering figure (Groth 2016, 31).von Herder positions the moment of creation as a radically imaginative act in at least three ways. First, the gaze is far more best online viagra manifest in von Herderâs text than in Hyginusâ. While Hyginusâ Cura shapes a human (hominen) directly, von Herderâs âSorgeâ shapes an image (Bild).
This dovetails well with important insights from care research. In relations of care, the cared-for becomes visible to the best online viagra carer(s), thereby also becoming a valued imago. Conversely, the carer(s) become visible in the imagination of the cared-forâeven in a Western culture that often obscures or silences interpersonal interdependence.Second, cogitabunda in Hyginus is also intertextually connected von Herderâs adverbial clause im Traum der Gedanken.
This phrase, roughly translatable as âin the dream of thoughtsâ, roots humanity in a singular image (or dream) that consist of or belong to several different thoughts or ways of thinking. This tension between individuality and multitude dovetails with research on the knowledge complexities involved in care.Third, the word âTraumâ (dream) in Traum der Gedanken best online viagra does not denote unreality, fantasy or illusion. For von Herder, dreams are not the opposite of reality, but thoughts beyond or above manifest reality (Wirklichkeit überhöhenden Gedankens).
A dream of thoughts, then, is an experience or interpretation wherein the understanding of a phenomenon moves beyond how the phenomenon presently is, to what it should or could be. Just as Hyginusâ cogitabunda best online viagra can, if we interpret in intertextual connection with von Herderâs Traum der Gedanken, also refract my experiences of holding my son in my arms. This is true of the experiences of performing actions that seem strange or unintelligible to those around us, but particularly true of the feeling of doing this in a way that is uniquely ours.
The combination of these feelingsâwhere the socially estranged ways of caring is best online viagra fundamentally ours and integral to my parentingâengenders or entails a striving âupwardsâ. This striving is not limited to the idealisation that so often takes place in parenting, but is also a utopian, imaginative glimpse of a world wherein the both of us truly belong.In other words, the Cura motif foreshadows the âhorizontalâ complexities involved in care (multiple cultural imaginaries, multiple forms of knowledge). It also foreshadows âverticalâ complexities, through which care imaginations include both underlying categories and überhöhende dimensions.
These overarching or utopical dimensions, best online viagra that both stem from and go beyond the localised, singular imaginations of care, is known by many names in and beyond the medical humanities. Examples include âunderlying valuesâ, âethical content of particular practicesâ, âtransformative learningâ and many others (Ayala 2019, 269. Pettersen 2008, 188.
Winthrop 2003).Cogitabunda, can mean to be thoughtful and to best online viagra be âfull of thoughtsâ. The adverbial clause im Traum der Gedanken by von Herder (1888, 533), similarly, also signifies something unclear or disorganised. In his poetotological treatise Ãber Bild, Dictung und Fabel (1888, 533), von Herder juxtaposes this state with being in Leidenschaft (in passion), in Verrückung (in madness) or nicht auf seiner Hut (off guard).
There is complexity and opennessâperhaps even best online viagra fantasy or at least explorationâin this. When I hold my son in my arms connecting different realms of thought. As in ruff-and-tumble-play, these realms are also at play as I think.The best online viagra quarrel of the deities.
Culture, nature and careAfter the first narrative, the second deals with a quarrel between the deities Cura, Jove and Tellus. Once humanity has been given inner life, the focus in Hyginusâ texts shifts from creating to name-giving:Cum vellet Cura nomen suum imponere, Iovis prohibuit suumque nomen ei dandum esse dixit. Dum de nomine Cura et lovis disceptarent, surrexit et Tellus suumque nomen ei best online viagra imponi debere dicebat, quandoquidem corpus suum praebuisset.When Cura wanted to give it her name, Jove forbade, and said that his name should be given it.
But while they were disputing about the name, Tellus arose and said that it should have her name, since she had given her own body.To name something after something else (and, perhaps particularly, after someone else) places the object within a certain taxonomy. Major deities such as Jove and Tellus are both rulers and personifications of different ontological realms or âelementsâ. Hyginusâ Cura is not known from other best online viagra Roman sources.
Instead, Cura is a âdeification of abstract ideasâ, a common feature of Roman culture (Axtell 1907). Hence, it becomes clear that the quarrel deals with ontological ideas, more specifically with the ontology of humanity. Each deity proposes best online viagra a âlocationâ in classical ontology.The philosopher John T.
Hamilton has used the myth of Cura to explore how any understanding of security presupposes both care and carefulness. He underlines how this âlocatingâ somehow names humanity after something that is neither identical nor particularly resembling humanity:The controversy over the creatureâs name strives to resolve the best online viagra issue of the figureâs proper being, without the aid of physical resemblance, without the talent for self-reflection. In my view, the debate over the name revolves on whether humanity is essentially atemporal (Telluric matter or Iovian spirit) or instead fundamentally temporal and constituted by time and history (Hamilton 2013, 71).It is worth noting that the deities are not offering or suggesting certain framings of human life.
Hyginusâ textâin particular, the fact that Jove forbade any name other than his ownâindicates conflicts between perspectives and disciplines. The imaginative richness involved in care, indicated by Hyginus cogitabunda or by the plural in von Herderâs Traum der Gedanken, is a best online viagra plurality where incommensurabilities remain. In my view, the myth of Cura points towards three possible but incommensurable ways of studying, describing and interpreting care (corresponding to Jove, Tellus and Cura, respectively):As a cultural or semantic phenomenon, elucidated in terms of meaning or more or less idealised notions.As a biological phenomenon, elucidated in medical, psychological or other health-related terms.As a relational phenomenon, elucidated in terms of care work (professional or not).Although it is necessary to understand care in all these ways, it is nevertheless impossible to fully merge them or produce those understandings simultaneously.
Hence, it is necessary to add a more epistemologically oriented aspect of care. Care is fundamentally best online viagra imaginative and context-dependent, and stands in-between otherwise incommensurable interpretative domains.Saturnâs verdict. The continuous presence of careIn the third narrative in Hyginus, the quarrel is somehow resolved when the deities choose Saturn as their judge.
Sadly, this part of the text is fragmented. There is best online viagra agreement, however, that Saturnâs verdict clarifies that Jove will receive human souls, while Tellus will receive the body post mortem:Tu Iovis quoniam spiritum dedisti, <â¦>. Corpus recipito.
Cura quoniam prima eum finxit, best online viagra quamdiu vixerit, cura eum possideat. Sed quoniam de nomine eius controversia est, homo vocetur quoniam ex humo videtur esse factusJove, since you gave him spirit, let [Tellus] receive his body. Since Cura fashioned him from the start, let Cura possess him for as long as he lives.
But since there is controversy about his name, let him be called homo, since he seems to be made from humus.Let us begin by best online viagra pointing out that Saturnâs verdict exposes yet another way in which Hyginusâ text alters the Prometheus plasticator motif. In most classical renderings, Prometheus is a trickster, and a transgressor from whom humanity is eventually separated. After discovering his transgressions, the Olympian deities chain Prometheus to a mountain in the Caucasus, and humanity lives on without him.
The relation between best online viagra humanity and its creator is therefore temporary. Hyginus, in contrast, makes it clear that humanity will remain under the guardianship of Cura quamdiu vixerit âfor as long as he shall liveâ.The significance of this difference becomes clearer if we compare Hyginusâ text to Ovidâs use of the Prometheus plasticator motif in Metamorphoses. After describing the original moment when Prometheus created Humanity, Ovid goes on to describe the human condition:quam satus Iapeto mixtam pluvialibus undis / finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum, / pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram, / os homini sublime dedit caelumque videre(Ovid 1997, 47)so that his new creation, upright man, / was made in image of commanding gods?.
/ On earth the brute creation bends its gaze, / but man was given a lofty countenance best online viagra / and was commanded to behold the skies. / and with an upright face may view the stars (Melville and Kenney 2009, 76).As we can see, Ovidâs Prometheus creates a strong and vital human being. Humanity seems not dependent on care or assistance, but âmade in image of commanding godsâ.
In Ovid, best online viagra human life is essentially an independent life which resembles the lives of gods (in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum). It is commonâand temptingâto imagine care relations as exceptions in human lives. In care research, best online viagra for instance, one often reserves care needs for vulnerable groups, thereby contrasting them with some kind of original, non-vulnerable state.
In life-course research, similarly, care leaves life as people move into adolescence and adulthood, only to re-enter it in the special cases of disability, serious illness or old age. Hyginusâ text, in contrast, opens up for a rethinking of care as a fundamental, continuous part of human lives.This is essentially an ontological argument. Although we often reserve the term for human beings who have unusual needsâfor instance, children or people with disabilitiesâcare is, in fact, much more pervasive.Noting the etymology of the verb curoâdenoting what we call caring and worryingâHyginusâ text also points towards an understanding of care as best online viagra protection.
The notion of care becomes meaningful in and of itself, and in relation to its counterparts, such as conflict, violence and neglect. If the so-called ânormalâ human lifeâin Ovidâs words. Lives lived âin the image of commanding godsââis met by a radical lack of care, best online viagra it would have little freedom and in fact be over in a matter of days.Hyginusâ text points towards an understanding wherein care reigns, organises or facilitates human lives.
Cura somehow âholdsâ humanity in this life, indicating that Joveâs and Tellusâ receiving somehow lies outside that life (after death). For the medical humanities, this understanding of care suggests ways to think about both medical and cultural knowledge as forms of afterlife. Biological knowledge, best online viagra for instance, is a form of knowledge that has been aggregated outside and beyond individual lives.
Through clinical generalisations, anatomical knowledge, systematic literature reviews and more. Cultural knowledge, conversely, is deeply historical and contextualâthereby inevitably also a testament to how both historical and contextual relations stretch far beyond individual lives.These ambiguities lead best online viagra to a further understanding of care. Care is not only a fundamental preconditionâwhose impact depends on context and interpretationâcare is indeed a fundamental and omnipresent condition, that continuously engenders and relies on interpretative processes.Care as holding-togetherWhen I hold my son I ruff-and-tumble play, I am also holding together forms of knowledge.
I connect many different forms of knowledgeâmy intimate experiences with him, my research experience from disability studies, the bits of knowledge I have received from medical and educational professionals and many othersâwith one another. Moreover, the knowledge I best online viagra produceâfrom the actual holding, from being skin to skin and from sensing if he cannot understand othersâis used in knowledge translation. I use it to stretch the understandings of medical professionals beyond uncertain prognoses.
I also use it to connect the knowledge of the preschool teachersâa knowledge which mainly deals with so-called ordinary childrenâwith the lives of extraordinary children such as my son.In Hyginusâ text, too, Cura holds together what otherwise would have been separate. Had it not been best online viagra for Curaâs holding, and Saturnâs verdict, humanity would have belonged to either Jove or Tellus. A recent âappeal to the medical humanitiesâ uses the potential of this narrative.
In it, Kristeva et al. (2018) use the myth of Cura to explore how humanity âbelongs to different ontological domainsâ held together by care:Saturn, the God of time, settles best online viagra the matter through an act of naming and by dividing and temporalising the possession of the various parts that comprise man. Jove is offered manâs soul and Tellus his body, after manâs death, while Cura will possess the creation in its lifetime since she made it.
[â¦] Thus, human life as a composite assembly best online viagra of spiritual (Jove) and material elements (Tellus) is held together by Curaâs temporal care (55).In their unpacking, Curaâs holding of humanity becomes a holding-together of two forms of knowledge. Biomedical knowledge of bios and sociocultural knowledge of zoe. Faced with situations of careâsituations that neither biomedical science nor cultural studies of health can understand sufficientlyâthe understanding of care becomes a point of intersection between otherwise separate landscapes.This holding-together is visible in a variety of care practices.
In the case of evidence-based care, for instance, temporal doing at a certain point in time and history (professional work) holds together atemporal knowledge of best online viagra effects (evidence) and atemporal norms (professional ethics). The temporal care work may seem like a mere âapplicationâ of these atemporal knowledges. However, recent studies argue that both evidence and norms exist as such if and only if they are interwoven with embodied practices.
While âevidence in clinical decision making is relentlessly situated and contextualâ (Wieringa et best online viagra al. 2017, 964), so can the normative aspects only be sufficiently understood as âembodied processâ, located at âthe action levelâ (Doane and Varcoe 2008).Jove, Tellus and Cura personify ontological orders (ways of being), and epistemological orders (ways of knowing). If we then revisit the epistemological aspect of care, a further understanding emerges.
Care is a relational matterâin the lived lives of care receivers, as well as in the work of care professionalsâand it is crucial in holding together different social agents and different knowledge domains.Care as withholdingWhen I âplay airplaneâ with my sonâor hold him close to me in situations where others do best online viagra not understand him or vice versaâone might say that I know what I am doing. On the other hand, this holding challenges several parts of my knowledge of this world. It challenges my images of what it is to be a father, since the best online viagra play differs from how most fathers do this with their children.
More importantly, perhaps, the knowledge produced when I hold my son in my arms in the face of many, many abysses to come differs from much of my academic and medical knowledge, including that which is inherent in his diagnoses and prognoses.This withholding might seem, contrary to the straightforward clarity of Hyginusâ text. However, a more detailed examination can refract these interpretations. It is best online viagra particularly worth noting that the relation between Cura and the human beingâthat is, the fundamental ontological condition in this lifeâis described with a specific verbal clause with the verb possideo.
Cura eum possideat (Cura shall hold him).The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines possideo thusly:To have (land) in oneâs control, occupy (as a tenant, etc). (absol.) to hold land.(in general) to hold as property, b. To take (property) into oneâs keeping, appropriate.(of a sovereign, army, etc) to have best online viagra control of (a country, position, etc) [â¦] to assume or exercise control over (persons).To take or have in its power, dominate, overwhelm, possess.To fill or take up (a space) with oneâs bulk.To take up wholly (a personâs time).
To absorb the thoughts and energies of someone.Possideo denotes not a general sense of holding, or a more general sense of contact or connection, but an exclusive holdingâsimilar to the English verb to possess. Cura, then, is not only holding a humanity that belongs to both Jove and Tellus, but she is also withholding this humanity from them. This becomes even clearer if we emphasise that possideo is best online viagra a transitive verb.
At least to some extent, the clauses quamdiu vixerit, Cura eum possideat entail a micro-narrative. Although âcreated from,â or consisting of biological matter, and being characterised by the presence of âsoulâ or some measure of best online viagra cognition, humanity is fundamentally âcontrolledâ by care in this life. The separating into meaning (spirit) and biology (bodily remains) takes place outside this life.
Curaâs holding, then, allows us to understand the holding-together of medicine and culture, and a withholding from both these domains.The âhermeneutic storyâ (Kristeva 2002, 10) of Hyginusâ possideatâwherein care holds humanity at the expense of both culture and biomedicineâcontradicts epistemological optimism. Hyginus text allows us to glimpse intimate care knowledge that connects cultural and biomedical knowledge, and that best online viagra holds human life away from generalised knowledge. When Cura withholds humanity from generalised cultural knowledge (Jove) and generalised biochemical knowledge (Tellus) and care produces knowingâoften described as insight, sharing and holding-togetherâand un-knowing.These difficulties indicate the need for an additional understanding of care.
Care must be understood as a practice that holds together multiple parties and multiple forms of knowledge. However, it must also be understood best online viagra as a practiceâor if you will. A form of human relationâthat withholds something from knowledge.I shall hold him for as long as I shall liveThe âhuman storyâ of care relations (eum possideat) will necessarily entail a human story of singular actions that to some extent can only be described in first-person singular.
Eum possideam (I shall hold him). To explore this individual eum possideam, I try to âtheorise from my subject positionâ (Fournier 2019, 658) best online viagra. When activating my own intimate experiences, it became clear that interpretations of my eum possideam quamdiu vixerit can refractâor even fractureâtheoretical notions of care.To connect intimate experiences of holdingâbe it in bodily care, in adverse social situations or in rough-and-tumble playâwith cultural and political theory is clearly a daunting task.
Although this still seems unclear to me, best online viagra I can at least outline four aspects of the refraction. First, I do hold together cultural and biomedical knowledge. When my son is in my arms, multiple cultural imaginaries are involved.
My understanding of his life (and of mine) is dependent on my language and my cultural frames, best online viagra and I am consistently aware of a clinical gaze. My sonâs lifeâand, thereby, also my own life and my care workâare viewed or observed by medical professionals, psychologists, special needs educators and preschool teachers.Second, the holding is troublesome. In a narrower sense, I note that his needs lead me to hold and even carry him in ways that most parents only do with substantially younger children.
Combined with my own embodied condition, there emerges a bodily trouble, an best online viagra element of exhaustion, uncertain walking and muscular pain. Regarding my cultural knowledge, it becomes clear that my own imaginaries entail expectations and understandings that somehow seem incompatible with his life. In this social contextâparenting in Norway, located in middle-class familiesâchildhood is simultaneously about âfindings oneâs own voiceâ (autonomy) and about âfollowing the pathâ (social reproduction).
To claim that autonomy outside language is possible, or that best online viagra a person in his situation may reproduce his parents, seems equally futile.Regarding biomedical knowledge, I take care of my 4-year-old (as I do all three of my children) within a biomedical framework. Most Norwegian children are screened regularly for somatic problems, and to measure linguistic, cognitive and psychosocial development. While this knowledge has thus far granted me a certain comfort in parenting my two oldest childrenâconfirming, as it were, that all is wellâthat has, obviously, not been the best online viagra case with my youngest son.
Hence, his life is also framed by medical knowledge in a more direct way. He receives a range of health-related services, a provision that also positions my parental care within the same frame.Third, there is an uncertain future involved in this. This is of course always true of any intersubjective relation in general best online viagra and of care relations in particular.
The future is open, and it can entail painful events. However, his situation exposes uncertainty in a more radical way. Culturally, it exposes how I see my other childrenâas having quite stable chances for social best online viagra reproductionâpartly thanks to how I see him.
Through a fatherly lens of rather unclear hopes and worries. Medically, the tests of my youngest son continuously yield inconclusive results. This has replaced my former sense of best online viagra parental comfort with gnawing anxiety over his future.
Moreover, the complexities of his living leaves me, as a caregiver, with the unpredictability of his diagnostic results, rather than with stable prognoses.Fourth, these intimate situations entail a particular life-course temporality, which differs from the temporality of professional care, as well from the temporality in Hyginusâ text. In the case of professional careers, their work is regulated to certain hours (of paid work), and to certain phases of life. Most professional carers will retire, and many will pursue other forms of work at some point in best online viagra time.
In Curaâs case, her care work is also time limited. The temporality of the deityâs best online viagra existence is sufficient to encompass the temporality of humanity. In both cases, the life course temporality of the carer is sufficient for the imagined care work.In my parental care work, however, the temporality is insufficient rather than sufficient.
In all likelihood, I will somehow care for my son for as long as I am alive. Moreover, this lifelong work will likely be insufficient in at best online viagra least two ways related to the temporality of my life. My own ageing will likely reduce my ability to perform the care work, and I will likely die before my son, leaving him without parental care.
Hence, the temporality of my care cannot be formulated as eum possideam quamdiu vixerit (I shall hold him for as long as he shall live), but as eum possideam quamdiu vixero (I shall hold him for as long as I shall live).This rudimentary autotheoretical investigation brings to light three forms of withholding. First, the best online viagra nature of the holding (eum possideam) withholds care from the epistemological domains that the medical humanities traditionally investigate. Second, the temporality involved in parental care (quamdiu vixero) withholds something from the temporality of professional care.
Third, something is also withheld from the âparental temporality.â. The need care depends best online viagra on his life (quamidiu vixerit), not on mine. Several forms of knowledge, and several forms of embodied holding, are involved without being fully commensurable.
Since I cannot resolve these enigmatic forms of withholding, the theoretical understandings remain breached, implicitly pointing towards not-yet-explicable or not-yet-nameable understandings.Withholding and ambiguityMy holding of my son in best online viagra my arms come with several temptations. One of themâin particular, as I am holding him, or, perhaps, shielding himâis to think that I hold some kind of vast, privileged knowledge. While this is of course true to some extent, there are more powerful movements at play.
On the one best online viagra hand, the complexities in the situation forces me out of the internal comfort that characterises the centre of any ontological or epistemological âdomainâ. On the other hand, I am also forced to admit another thing. That I can hold him, but it remains unclearâto some extentâif I can know him.
I cannot know best online viagra if our way is exclusively ours.Similarly, intertextual analysis locates breaches in specific âsign-systemsâ, and in larger âsocial and historical materialâ (Kristeva 2002, 9â10). Hence, the specific inquiries presented in this article relate to more general ways of inquiry. When we use those notions, we connect different academic investigations, and different academic disciplines, theoretical traditions and research methodologies.
In Julia Kristevaâs words, these relations are âtemporal connectionsâ and âpoints of contactâ (2002:8) and points of âdistortion, ambiguity and contradictionâ (2002:11).The understanding of care as holding-together connects very well with the rise in interdisciplinarity within the best online viagra medical humanities. The three deities Jove, Tellus and Cura are brought together in dispute, and Saturnâs verdict foreshadows how different ontological domains are held together in human life.Studying an interaction between form of knowledgeâin their case. The interaction between medical imagining and patient creativityâStahl and Stahl use the insufficiencies of medical knowledge best online viagra in an argument for multiple perspectives:Although in contemporary Western society, many tend to believe the hard science provide the truest or most accurate interpretation of the natural world, it cannot exhaust the meaning of the body.
If we believe we are more than the sum of our parts, then we ought to allow for multiple and even varied interpretations of our bodies (Stahl and Stahl 2016, 159).Interpreting care as connectedness and holding-together, medical humanities scholars aim to hold together medical and cultural knowledge in new, explorative and enriching ways, and they often succeed.Such interpretations also speak to an even more radical ambition, that of academic convergence, sometimes referred to as transdisciplinary research. Such appeals are often embedded in a considerable epistemological ambition. Pointing out the insufficiencies of âillustrativeâ or âadditiveâ work in best online viagra the medical humanities, Kristeva et al.
(2018) express a particularly radical version of this ambition:[W]e do not consider the humanities as a critical and potentially liberating perspective that can be applied to medicine as an object in need of repairment. Medical humanities should not be construed as a humanistic perspective on medicine. They should rather be seen as best online viagra a cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural space for a bidirectional critical interrogation of both biomedicine (simplistic reductions of life to biology) and the humanities (simplistic reductions of suffering and health injustice to cultural relativism).
On the one hand, this implies breaking with the cultureânature dichotomy and considering both the humanities and medicine as biocultural practices. On the other hand, it also implies understanding that boundary work requires boundaries, and that incommensurability between various partial disciplinary perspectives canâand willâemerge (56).The ambition at stake here listens to the holding-together outlined above. Whereas more best online viagra âadditiveâ ways of connecting knowledge are valuableâfor instance, when humanities-based research âfill the gapsâ of âpureâ medical research in order to facilitate evidence-based careâthis is not what Hyginusâ text indicates.
Just as the relation between Jove and Tellus is symmetric and mutual (they are equally necessary for the creation of humanity and will âholdâ remain with equal sovereignty after this life), so is the relation between Cura and the two other deities. Jove and Tellus are separated from humanity in this life, best online viagra and Cura is equally separated from humanity after this life. This fable cannot be intertextually connected with asymmetrical or additive relations between knowledge fields, but it is connected with a âspace for bidirectional critical interrogationâ.It is perhaps less clear how care as un-knowing speaks to larger trends in the medical humanities.
It is therefore necessary to ask. How can understandings of care that emphasise withholding and un-knowing, including autotheoretical investigations that increase uncertainty, ambiguity and painful affects, inform knowledge best online viagra production?. To outline a provisional response to this question, it is useful to return to Hyginusâ text once again.
The description of Curaâs relation to humanityâCura quoniam prima eum finxit, quamdiu vixerit, cura eum possideat (Since Cura fashioned him from the start, let Cura hold him for as long as he shall live)âshould also be read with attention to grammar. While the conjunction quoniam (since) introduces a causal clause in the indicative mood (finxit), followed by an adverbial clause best online viagra in the indicative (vixerit), the resulting clause is in the subjunctive (possideat). Interestingly, this subjunctive inflection is the only use of the subjunctive mood in Hyginusâ text.This use of the subjunctive moodâsometimes called âindependentâ usageâcan have a variety of purposes.
Although the usage in fable CCXX is iussiveâin the sense that makes a permanent judgementâit is worth noting that the subjunctive mood is often associated with potentiality in classical Latin. Other common areas of usage include âquestions in which the speaker or writer expresses doubt or disbelief by âthinking aloudâ (deliberative), wishes that cannot best online viagra or may not be fulfilled (optative), and the potentiality that something may happen or might have happened (potential)â (Palma 2012, 377). Moreover, it is worth noting that possideat is in present tense.
Since the subjunctive mood best online viagra lacks a future tense in Latin, the active present tense can also denote future actions. Hyginusâ text, then, points towards knowing and un-knowing, and towards openness to potentiality and some degree of uncertainty.When held together, withholding and uncertainty give a clear implication for the medical humanities as a form of academic practice. The epistemological ambitiousness in medical humanities should be supplemented with what one might call epistemological modesty.
Such modesty is rooted in best online viagra the specifics of care, and in the relation between complexity and synthesis. What is at stake in care researchâif we take the abovementioned complexities into accountâis a âbidirectional spaceâ, and an ever-expanding and exponentially multidimensional space. When medical humanities emerged, it was only a question of time before the field began to involve other humanities and social sciences disciplines than those involved in the initial phase.
Similarly, the growth of critical best online viagra medical humanities steadily increases the engagements with all kinds of critical research frontiers, in the social sciences as well as in the humanities. At least in an area such as studies of careâwhere the intimacy is so acutely palpableâit will become increasingly clear that the medical humanities will remain âoutnumberedâ or âoverpoweredâ by the analytical complexities the field itself brings forth.Some scholars in the critical humanities have argued that scholars should âembraceâ this kind of overpowering (Viney, Callard, and Woods 2015, 2â7). However, Hyginusâ text complicates the relation between care practices (Cura), culture (Jove) and biomedicine (Tellus) regardless of such embraces.
Although care holds humanity at the expense of the other forms of knowing, his holding neither implies any disregard for humanities-based best online viagra nor medical knowledge. Rather, the unpacking presented in this article demonstrates how care brings forth an epistemological modesty. Only an epistemologically modest way of doing medical humanities can address the intimate and best online viagra enigmatic qualities of care.Discussion.
Scholarly and analytical contributionWhile the textual and autotheoretical analyses presented in this paper followed the suggestion from Kristeva et alâto we question âthe cultural distinction between the objectivity of (medical) science and the subjectivity of cultureâ (2018:55)âit nevertheless ended in an emphasis on intimate withholding. This withholdingâbe it epistemological, theoretical or inherent in the intimate experience of holding or embracing my son away from an abyssâis relevant to the medical humanities in general. However, it is also best online viagra a contribution to four more specific tendencies in the available literature.First, the unpacking contributes to feminist care research.
Beginning with the canonical work on âa different voiceâ by Gilligan (1982), feminist care research has increasingly emphasised the knowledge multitude involved in care. More recent research also shows a multitude of empirical delineations. While some scholars reserve the best online viagra term for face-to-face interaction, or for situations characterised by asymmetrical dependency, others do not.
The investigation in this article brings forth additional multitude by combining academic disciplines that rarely interactâcare research, linguistic analysis of Latin texts, romanticism studies and autotheoretical analysis workâand implies many possibilities for further research.Second, the autotheoretical interpretations can contribute to the research field sometimes known as ethics of care. Following such works as the book Learning from my Daughter by Kittay Kittay (2019, xx), where she proposes that the relation of parental care provides âthe only universal and morally significant property that all humans possessâ, I aim to shed light on how care work engenders ethical thinking. My holding of my son in my armsâas well as the withholding that both this holding and best online viagra Hyginusâ text entailâis as political and ethical as it is personal and embodied.Third, this paper also relates to a more critical strain of ethics of care.
Pettersen (2008) work, for instance, demonstrates how the ethics of care âsubverts the public/private dimension altogetherâ, thereby allowing for a broader range of criticism (45). Moreover, Fletcher and Piemonte (2017) shed light on how healthcare practices constitute a âquiet subversionâ best online viagra of neoliberal cultural structures. Arguably, both intimate withholding and epistemological overwhelming shows the power involved in such subversions.Fourth, I hope to contribute to the strand of researchâin care research as well as in disability studiesâthat relate to the work of Julia Kristeva.
On the one hand, the rethinking presented in this paper dovetails with her perspectives on how intimate aspects of care destabilise the larger frameworks, cultural structures that are nevertheless sustained by those actions of care. The autotheoretical exploration towards the emblematic formulation eum possideam quamdiu vixero (I shall hold him for as long as I shall live) might also respond best online viagra fruitfully to Kristevaâs account of how her âliving with [â¦] the neurological difficulties of my son Davidâ (2013, 220) lead her to explore maternity as I want that you be (2013, 229). On the other hand, I also try to challenge what I see as an epistemological and political optimism in Kristevaâs work.Data availability statementNo data are available.
Since this is an autoethnographic investigation, primary data will not be available.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.Ethics approvalThe ethical aspects have been reviewed by the research management at the Work Research Institute. See also footnote 1.AcknowledgmentsI would like best online viagra to thank Eivind Engebretsen and John Ãdemark for their encouragements, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.Notes1. Patient and public involvement statement.
Although there is no public involvement in the writing of this paper, the autotheoretical approach does of course involve my son. This approach hinders full anonymisation, just like his way best online viagra of living in this world hinders informed consent in the traditional sense. The approach also excludes the potential for full anonymisation.
The consent is therefore, in consultation with his mother, given by me as his legal guardian..
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"We are not at the end of this viagra yet."That doesn't mean she discourages travel â Harris said she's planning two trips to Europe this year. But she does recommend that people rely best online viagra on "tried-and-true evidence-based practices," such as treatments, testing, masks, ventilation and social distancing.Dr. Patrice Harris was the president of best online viagra the American Medical Association from 2020 to 2021.Source. EMedHarris said people who are immunocompromised, or around others best online viagra who are, should exercise more caution.
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"At the end of the day, you want to be person winning that race."Patients lie in hospital beds waiting for medical treatment at a temporary shelter outside the Caritas Medical Center in Hong Kong, China, on February 16, 2022.Leung Man Hei | NurPhoto | Getty ImagesHong Kong needs to protect its best online viagra health-care system, which is under tremendous stress right now due to a spike in erectile dysfunction cases, a health expert told CNBC on Friday.Hong Kong is into its fifth wave, driven by the more transmissible omicron strain. Cases have surged sharply, from just over 100 new cases per day at the start of February, to a record of 6,166 new cases on Thursday."Essentially, in Hong Kong right now, what we need to do is to protect the integrity of the health system," said Gabriel Leung, dean of medicine at the University of Hong Kong. "The health system in Hong Kong best online viagra currently is under enormous stress."Authorities have blamed the surge on the "extreme transmission speed" of the omicron variant, and said that the "tsunami" of news cases has "far exceeded" the city's capacity for treatment, tracing, testing and isolation.Hospitals are facing "immense pressure," the government said this week. The occupancy rate at public hospitals was at 92% as of Feb best online viagra.
18, data from Hong Kong's Hospital Authority showed.According to media reports, there were scenes of patients huddled on beds left best online viagra in the open outside the hospitals, as facilities became overwhelmed.Leung told CNBC's "Street Signs Asia" that the city needs to slow down the speed of the current surge."The only way you can slow it down now is really to go and reduce further the people from mixing with each other and from moving about in the city," he said."So whether you call that a lockdown, or whether you call that enhanced or stepped up public health and social measures, I don't really mind â the jargon is not the important thing."Healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) attend to a patient displaying erectile dysfunction treatment symptoms at a temporary triage area next to the emergency department at the Caritas Medical Center hospital in Hong Kong, on Wednesday, Feb. 16, 2022.Bertha Wang | Bloomberg | Getty Images"What we need to do desperately is to make sure that we protect the integrity of the hospital system, such that we prevent people from further deteriorating if they really need help in the hospitals," he continued.Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam said Tuesday there were no plans for a citywide lockdown."The immediate response of the Hong Kong SAR Government ⦠is to enhance the capacities at various parts of this anti-epidemic effort, and we are doing this," she said."I would have to say it very clearly that we have no plans for any widespread city lockdown as you have seen in some of the other places," she told reporters..
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Source. BLS. Analysis by the Office of the Chief Economist, USDOL.Historic investments through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Inflation Reduction Act are helping spur manufacturing growth while upgrading our nationâs infrastructure and growing our clean energy economy. And through the Good Jobs Initiative, the Labor Department is collaborating across the government to build strong labor standards and equitable pathways to good jobs in manufacturing and other growing industries that will help workers today â and strengthen our economy in the long term. Joelle Gamble is the chief economist for the U.S.
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Average hourly earnings rose 4.7% compared with October 2021, a slower rate of growth than in prior months.Since January 2021, the U.S. Economic has added over 200,000 jobs every best online viagra month. The highest months added around 700,000 jobs. The past three months (August, September and October 2022) have seen steady but best online viagra lower growth at around 300,000 jobs per month.
Source. BLS. Analysis by the Office of the Chief Economist, USDOL.Manufacturing employment since February 2020 In 2022 alone, the manufacturing sector added 367,000 new best online viagra jobs. Manufacturing grew by 32,000 jobs in October, continuing the historic resurgence of this blue-collar sector, which now provides 137,000 more jobs than it did before the viagra.
This is aligned with the Biden-Harris administrationâs keen focus on supporting domestic best online viagra manufacturing, supply-chain resilience and creating good jobs at home.Chart showing the initial loss of manufacturing jobs from January through April 2020, and then steady growth from May 2020 though October 2022. In early 2022, the number of nondurable goods manufacturing jobs surpassed the pre-viagra level. In October 2022, the number of durable goods manufacturing jobs surpassed the pre-viagra level. Source.
BLS. Analysis by the Office of the Chief Economist, USDOL.In October, notably, much of the monthly job gains in manufacturing were driven by durable goods manufacturing (+23,000 jobs or 71% of manufacturing jobs added). Some of the largest monthly changes in durable goods manufacturing were in transportation equipment, computer and electronic products, and fabricated metal products. Each of those industries added 5,000 jobs in October.In October 2022, six categories of durable goods manufacturing saw growth between 3,000 to 5,000 jobs.
Transportation equipment, miscellaneous products, computer and electrical products, machinery, fabricated metal products, and nonmetallic mineral products. Three categories had no growth. Furniture and related products, electrical equipment and appliances, and primary metals. One category saw a 1,000-job decline.
Wood products. Source. BLS. Analysis by the Office of the Chief Economist, USDOL.Historic investments through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and the Inflation Reduction Act are helping spur manufacturing growth while upgrading our nationâs infrastructure and growing our clean energy economy.
And through the Good Jobs Initiative, the Labor Department is collaborating across the government to build strong labor standards and equitable pathways to good jobs in manufacturing and other growing industries that will help workers today â and strengthen our economy in the long term. Joelle Gamble is the chief economist for the U.S. Department of Labor..
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Listen to them There is no doubt that Vaught made a grave error when she gave her patient an injection of vecuronium, a muscle relaxant that left the 75-year-old woman unable to breathe, instead of Versed, a sedative. Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where Vaught worked in an intensive care unit, enabled the safety overrides that she employed in making the medication error â as do many other health systems.advertisement No matter how one best online viagra judges her actions, or the health systemâs, the outcome was the result of an error. No one argued that Vaught intentionally set out to hurt her patient.This is in stark contrast to what happened in the case of Husel, who knew exactly the consequences of ordering large doses of fentanyl.
His was not best online viagra a medical error. It was a series of intentional actions that he knew would hasten the death of patients in his care. Whatever reason compelled him to do so, the basic fact is that it was not within his purview, as a physician who has taken an oath of âdo no harm,â to make the decision to hasten someoneâs death.So, the nurse visit site who made a grave error is convicted of a crime and serves time in prison while a physician who knowingly committed acts that hastened the deaths of multiple patients was acquitted?.
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Was the nurse viewed as âmore guiltyâ in light of the way the public views nurses?. For many years in a row nursing has appeared at the top of the list of most-trusted professions. Does the public feel that, in some way, Vaughtâs unintentional error was a greater insult to trust than that of a physician who intentionally caused harm?.
The sad reality is that prosecuting nurses for errors made in the conduct of their jobs will discourage people from choosing nursing as a profession, even as the U.S. Faces a critical shortage of nurses. More importantly, for those of us who work as nurses and inevitably make an error â and believe us, if you work in medicine and claim youâve never made one, you just havenât been practicing long enough â such prosecution will discourage nurses, physicians, and any health care worker for that matter, from reporting their mistakes.Double standards like this only serve to undo the progress made in the past 20 years in terms of patient safety and quality care as first outlined by the Institute of Medicine in its landmark 1999 report, âTo Err is Human.
Building a Safer Health System.â Convicting a nurse for making a grave error versus acquitting a physician who intentionally causes harm goes against the very aim of creating a culture of patient safety.Michelle Collins is the dean of the College of Nursing and Health at Loyola University New Orleans, where Cherie Burke is director of the School of Nursing..
